The effect of feeding frequency on metabolism rate, glycogen deposit and morphological development of brown marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) juvenile

Abstract

The study aimed to analyses respond on metabolic rate glycogen deposit and morphological development of brown marbled grouper juvenile reared in different feeding frequency. The result of study provides new information on feeding frequency in the rearing technique of brown marbled grouper juvenile.

The study was conducted from September 2006 until August 2007 in Laboratory of Nutrition, Centre for Bracckishwater Aquaculture Ddevelopment, Takalar, Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Physiology, Faculty of Marine Scienses and Fisheries Hasanuddin University and Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Animal Medicine, Bogor Agricultural University. The study was conducted in randomized completed design, 3 x 3 with the treatment of feeding frequencies (A) two times per day, (B) four times per day and (C) six times per day.

The result of the study showed that study showed that feeding frequency significantly affects the metabolic rate and glycogen deposit of brown marbled grouper reared from 20 to 50 days old juvenile. Based on  the metabolic rate performance, feeding frequency decreased as the juvenile age increased. Feeding frequency of 6 times daily was suitable for 21-27 days old juvenile, 4 times daily for 28-34 old juvenile and 2 time daily for more than 34 days old juvenile. However, feeding frequency significantly affects on glucogen deposit on up to the age of 25  days juvenile. Morphological development and melanophora pattern were not affected by the different feeding frequency. Based on the observation of morphological development and glycogen deposit, feeding frequency twice daily was enough for the growing of brown marbled grouper juvenile.

Author : Zainuddin
Fakultas Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan UNHAS

Synergies of Buginese community local wisdon in the implementation of public policy in Sidenreng Rappang regency

ABSTRACT

The aim of the study was to discover an effective and efficient concept and strategy in improving the quality of bureaucrats in the formation of bureaucratic behavior as a spear head of administration and social affairs to be able to carry out their duties and responsibilities as public servers and executors of public policy.

The study was descriptive qualitative and quantitative. The unit or analysis was bureacrats as public severs . The region samples were selected by quota sampling and respondents by purposive sampling. The data were collected through quetionare and interview and analyzed by using percentage, product moment, and multiple regression.

The results of the study indicate that principally the implementation of public policy is something prone to administration stucture and social affairs due to misperception of bureaucrats to their tasks and authorities who view it as something scared and an opportunity for personal or group interest. Therefor a significant reference is needed in realizing the management of good governance based on the principles of transparency, accountability, public participation, and law enforcement by synergizing local wisdom of Buginese community in the implementation of public policy as the main reference in structuring the life of the nation. This is due to lack of understanding on wisdom values of Buginese community and lack of implemantation which is assumed to have been irrelevant and marginalized.  This has an impact on various aspects in the structure of government especially in the implementation stage of public policy namely ignoring officials competence, not enough transparency, unaccountable recruitment system, and environmental situation in which the politic is the reference. In order to make the implementation model of public policy efficient and effective in the future, it must be done by applying the local wisdom of Buginese community in the concept of appropriateness in each stage of public policy implementation.

Author : Muhammad Ramli
Dsen tetap Fakultas Usluhuddin & Filsafat UIN Makassar.

Bruxism

Abstract

This paper review of bruxism phenomenon that refers to the grainding or cleanching of the teeth during awake or night sleep. The prevalence of bruxism decreases with age from 14% to 18% in childhood, 8% of adult population and 3% in the eldery. According to the existing literature, two groups of proposed etiological factors can be distinguished: peripheral (morphological) and central (pathophysiological and pshychological). At present, the bruxism is more often thought to be regulated centrally, not peripherally. Signs and symptoms of bruxism such as tooth wear/dental attrision, abfractions, orofacial pain, change of periodontal ligament, mobility, tooth sensitivity, fractured teeth and fillings, earache, headache, tightness of jaw muscle, chewed tissue on the inside of your cheek, impact on yhe esthetic appearance of a smile. There have been many clinical approaches to the treatment of bruxism. These can be categorized as acute, preventive and chronic management of bruxism, based on patien's signs and symptoms. In the case of acute symptomps with patient's experiencing pain, pharmacotherapeutics may be required. Meanwhile, if tooth wear is present an occlusal splint and stress management are recommended. Dentists and health professionals should be aware of the phenomenon of bruxism.

Key words : bruxism, signs and symptoms, etiology, occlusal splint/night guard.
Author : Sri Wendari A. Hartono, Nunung Rusminah, Aprillia Adenan.

The influence of acid concentration in soft drink on mineral tooth dissolving

Abstract

Demineralization or mineral tooth dissolving can occour if the tooth are under 5.5 pH environtment. Currently, some soft drink under 5.5 pH have been consumpted in general society. The low pH contributes in demineralization because it increases the concentration of hydrogen and this ion will damage hydroxyapatite. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of acid concentration in soft drink on mineral tooth dissolving. Design of this study was quasee experiment, included 15 samples of tooth fragment that have been divided into 3 groups. Every sample has been measured for its weight before being immersed in soft drink, and be noted as pre test. Subsequently, Group I, was being immersed in soft drink that contains carbonate acid; Group II, in phosphate acid, and Group III, in the water (control). The measurement of sample weight was done after 24, 48, and 72 hours after immersing, and be noted as post-test. The results of the study shown that the samples that had been immersed in carbonate acid beverages lead to a greater mineral dissolving than phosphate acid and the water.
Keywords :demineralization, soft drink
Author : Nurlindah Hamrun, Dewi Kartika.

Effect ulee kareng aceh coffee on surface hardness of acrylic denture base

Abstract

Hardness of a denture base a patient charge associated with the habit of consuming foods and beverages most commonly consumed. Ulee Kareng coffee was very popular, especially in the areas of Aceh. It was kind of Robusta coffee which contains acidic properties : pH of water mixed (5 grams of coffe in 120 ml of water) before = 3.00 and after = 5.74. The purpose of this study was to determine the change of surface hardness of acrylic denture base after being immersed in Ulee Kareng coffee for 3 days. Twelve cylinder specimens ( 5 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness) were randomly distributed in two groups : control (immersion in distilled water) and experimental (immersion in Ulee Kareng coffee). Hardness was measured before and after immersion using Knoop Microhardness tester by Shimadzu. Data were analyzed statistically by Mann Whitney and Wilcoxon test. The results of the studied showed that there was a significant difference between groups. The surface hardness of acrylic denture base decreased after immersion for both group.
Keywords : acrylic denture base, Ulee Kareng Coffee, hardness.

Author : Rini Defika Putri, Viona Diansari, Iin Sundari.

Alveolar ridge augmentation using distraction osteogenesis

Abstract

Augmentation of the alveolar ridge is widwly used in implant treatment to create predictable function and esthetics in area with inadequate bone volume. There are different ways to augment the alveolar ridge. Distraction osteogenesis is a new method in increasing the width of the ridge and preparing a sufficient bed for implant or prosthesis. Distraction osteogenesis result in formation of new bone between bone segments that separated gradually by incremental traction. Alveolar widening by distraction osteogenesis is an alternative method for reconstracting alveolar atropy that is similar to alveolar splint grafting but without the graft which is offers many anvantages over traditional technique. This paper is aimed to discuss considerations and technique alveolar ridge augmentation for preparing adequate bone volume before applying implant using distraction osteogenesis method.
Keywords :  alveolar ridge augmentation, distraction osteogenesis, implant.

Penulis : Sitti Sarah Aulia Amrullah, Rosida Sani, Nurfadhillah Arifin, Muhammad Ruslin

PROPERTIES OF DENTAL MATERIALS 4

SOLUBILITY AND SORPTION

The solubility of materials in the mouth and the sorption (adsorption plus absorption) of oral fluids by the material are important criteria in their selection. Frequently, laboratory studies have have evaluated materials in distilled water. At times these studies gave results inconsistent with clinical obsevations becaused  materials in the mouth are covered with plaque and therefore are exposed to various acids and organic materials. An example of the inconsistency is that zinc phosphate cements are considerably more soluble in the mouth than laboratory tests in water indicate. Also, the loss of zinc phosphate cements retaining a gold crown is a result of dissolution followed by and accompanied by disintegration. Nevertheless, laboratory tests usually rank materials correctly, so only  the actual magnitude of the numbers should be taken with grain of salt.

Solubility and sorption are reported in two ways : (1) in weight percent of soluble or sorbed material, and (2) as the weight of dissolved or sorbed material per unit of surfaces area (e.g., miligram per square centimeter).

Absorption refers to the upteke of liquid by the bulk solid; for example, the equilibrium absorption of water by acrylic plastics is in the range of 2%. Adsorption indicates concentration of molecules at the surface of a solid or liquid, an example being the adsorption of components of saliva at the surface of tooth structure, or of a detergent adsorbed an the surface of a wax pattern.

Taken from : Dental Material, Robert G. Craig
 

PROPERTIES OF DENTAL MATERIALS 3

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

                Two electrical properties of interest are galvanism and corrosion. Galvanism results from the presence of dissimilar metals in the mouth. Metals placed in an electrolyte (a liquid that contains ions) have various tendencies to go into solution.

Aluminium, alloys of whichare sometimes used as temporary crows, has a strong tendency to go to into solution an has an electrode potential 0f + 1.33 volts. Gold on the other hand, has a little tendency to go into solution, as indicated by an electrode potential of - 1.36 volts. The oral fluids function as the electrolyte, and the system is similar to that of an electrical cell. When the two restoration touch, current flows because the potential difference is 2.69 volts, and the patient experiences pain and fraquently complains of a metallic taste. The some effect can be experienced if a piece of aluminium foil from a baked potato becomes wedged between two teeth and contacts a gold restoration. Temporary plastic crown are used to prevent this problem because they are poor electrical conductors.

Corrosion also can result from this same condition when adjacent  restorations are of dissimilar metals. As a result of the galvanic action, material goes into solution, and roughness and pitting occur. This effect also may occur if a gold alloy is contaminated with a metal such as iron during handling in the dental laboratory or because of variations in concentaration of elements from one part of the restoration to another. Corrosion also may result from chemical attack of metals by components in food or saliva. Dental amalgam, for exapmle, reacts with sulfides and chlorides in the mouth, as shown by polished amalgams becoming dull and discolored with time. This effect sometimes is reffered to as tarnish.

Taken from : Dental Material, Robert G. Craig

PROPERTIES OF DENTAL MATERIAL 2

THERMAL DIMENSIONAL CHANGE

Restorative dental materials are subjected to temperature changes in the mouth. These change result in dimensional changes  in the materials and to the neighbouring tooth structure. Because the thermal expansion of the restorative material usually does not match that of the tooth structure, a differential expansion occurs that may result in leakage of oral fluids between the restoration and the tooth.

The thermal coefficient of expansion is not uniform throughout the entire temperature range and is usually higer for liquids than for solids. The thermal coefficient of expansion for a solid, such a dental wax, generally increase at some point as the temperature is increased. The linear rather than the volumetric of thermal expansion usually is reported.

The relationship between the coefficients of thermal expansion of human teeth and restorative materials is important. The values for amalgam and composites are about two to five times those human teeth. The values for unfilled plastics, however, are five tp seven times those teeth, with porcelain being one half to one third and gold alloys being approximately the same as for human teeth.

A clinical effect of this difference is as follows. If a tooth that contains a nonadhesive plastic restoration is cooled by the drinking of a cold liquid, the restoration contracts substantially more than the tooth, and a small space results at the junction between the two materials. Oral fluids can penetrate this space. When the temperature returns to normal, this fluid is forced out of the space. The phenomenon is called percolation and occurs with a number of restorative dental materials, depending on the relationship of the thermal coefficient of expansion of the material and human teeth and the extent of bonding. Percolation is thought to be undesirable because of possible irritation to the dental pulp and recurrent decay. Dental amalgam is unusual in that percolation decreases with time after insertion, presumably as aresult of the space being filled with corrotion products from amalgam.

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY                           

                Qualitatively, materials have different rates of conducting heat; metals have higer values than plastics and ceramics. When a portion of a tooth is replaced by a metal restoration such as amalgam or gold alloy; the tooth may be temporarily sensitive to temperature changes in the mouth. Individuals who wear orthodontic appliances or complete denture also notice temperature effects different from those experienced without these appliances.

                Thermal conductivity has been used as a measure of the heat transferred and is defined as the numer of calories per second flowing through an area of 1 cm² in which temperature drop along the length of the specimen is 1⁰C/cm. This is rather complicated quantitative term, but qualitatively it is related simply to the rate of heat flow.

                Human enamel and dentin are poor thermal conductors compared with gold alloys and dental amalgam, although amalgam is substantially lower than gold. Zinc oxide-eugenol and zinc phosphate cements approximately replace lost tooth structure with respect to thermal conductivity. The reason for using cements as thermal isulating base in deep cavity preparations necause although dentin is a poor thermal conductor, a thin layer of it does not provide enough thermal insulation for the pulp unless a cement base is used under the metal restoration. Composite restorations have thermal conductivities comparable to tooth structure and do not present a problem with this property. Cavity varnishes have low thermal conductivities, as do unfilled acrylics, but are used in layers so thin that they are ineffective as thermal insulators.

Taken from : Dental Material, Robert G. Craig

PROPERTIES OF DENTAL MATERIALS

An understanding of the physical, electrical, and mechanical properties of material used in dentistry is of tremendous importance. First, materials used to replace missing portions of teeth are exposed to attack by the oral environment and subjected to bitting forces. Second, the restorative materials are cleansed and polished by various prophylactic procedures. As a result, their properties are the basis for the selection of materials to be used in particular dental procedure and restorations. Clinical experience and research have related clinical success to certain properties of materials. Third, the establishment of critical physical properties for various type of dental materials has led to the development of minimum standards , or specifications. The American National Standards Institutes (ANSI) and the American Dental Association (ADA), in conjunction with federal and international standards organizations, have established more than 100 standards or spesificationa, for dental material and maintains lists of materials that satisfy the minimum standards of quality. This information is available from the American Dental Association office in Chicago, or on their website (http://www.ada.org) and is helpful in the selection of materials for dental practice and ensure quality control of certified materials.

DIMENSIONAL CHANGE

Maintaining dimensions during dental procedure such as preparing impressions and models is important in the accuracy of dental restorations. Dimensional change may occur during setting as a result of a chemical reaction, such as with rubber impression materials or composite tooth restorative materials, or from the cooling of wax patterns or gold restorations during fabrication. To compare materials easily, the dimensional  change usually is expressed as a percentage of an original length or volume. A typical example is the linear dimensional change of a polysulfide impression material from a time just after setting until 24 hours after setting. An impression is taken of two marks on a metal plate approximately 51 mm apart; then the distance between the two marks transferred to the impression is measure with a measuring microscope just after the impression sets, l₀  and, again, n24 hours later, l₁ .The result of -0.21% indicates that a linear shrinkage yook place within 24 hours after setting. Values for other elastic impression materials can be used to compare their accuracy. Volumetric dimensional change is more difficult to measure and assumed to be three times the linear dimensional change for a specific material.

THE ECONOMICS ROLE OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

In 1982 the United States insurance industry, including orioerty and liability as well as life and health insurers, invested $52.6 billion of new funds in the United States economy. This made the insurance industry the third largest institutional investor in te United States in 1982, with 10.4% of all new investments. Only commercial banks and federal loan agencies accounted for a larger percentage of investments funds. Life and health insurers alone accounted for 8.2% of all new investment in the United States economy, and Canadian life and health insurers held a similar position in the Canadian economy.

Since a primary role of insurers is to provide protection against risk, many people are unaware of the important part which insurers play in providing funds for a stable economy. Insurance companies receive vastsums of money, largery in the form of premium payments. Successful investment of such money and reinvestment of the proceeds of maturing investments are necessary to guarantee that insurers can fulfill all contractual commitments to policyowners. This continuous infusion of large qualities of money into the economy places insurance companies among the most important financial institutions in the United States and Canada.

Financial institutions are organizations which help to channel funds through an economy by accepting the surplus money of savers and supplying that money to borrowers, who pay to use the money. Payment for the use of money is called interest. This interest is paid to the financial institutions, and the financial institutions transfer a portion of the interest to the savers. Financial institutions take many different forms and have many different characteristics. They include, for example, commercial banks, saving and loan associations, mutual funds, and life and health insurance companies. In a manner of speaking, financial institutions process and trade money just as other industries process and trade soy beans, oil, and iron ore. Money is regarded by financial institutions as a commodity which is borrowed and loaned to satisfy the needs of gaverments, business, and individuals and to encourage the development of an economy.

In their role as financial institutions, insurance companies provide funds for building office complexes, shopping centres, new homes, and apartements. They have even provided funding for major construction projects, such as the Alaskan pipeline. They invest in oil exploration and the development of new sources of energy. Through their different types of investments, insurance companies not only provide financial support for the economy but also provide policyowners with a means of investing their own money and making it grow.

…….taken from Life and Health Insurance Companies as Financial Institutions…….